TIME FOR.... FINDING MORE ABOUT MATTER!!!!

This is a graph that shows how each pure substance reacts after going through each level: 


A-B = SOLID
B-C = MELTING
(C-B = FREEZING)
C-D = LIQUID
D-E = EVAPORATION
(E-D = CONDENSATION) 
E-F = GAS
AB-EF = DEPOSITION
EF-AB = SUBLIMATION

A	-The solid state at any temperature below is below its melting point - The particles are packed closely together -The forces of the particles are so strong that the molecules can only vibrate a little!
A-B	- Heated molecules are then converted into kinetic energy. -This will cause the molecules to vibrate faster and therefore the temperature will increase.
B	- The molecules are still solid but will it will gradually start to melt. - The temperature will remain the same    = Liquid form
B-C	- Exist in both solid and liquid state - Temperature remains the same because it helps hold particles together. - This constant temperature is referred to the “melting point.” - Heat energy will absorb to overcome intermolecular forces, also referred as “Latent Heat of Fusion.”
C	- All molecules have been melted          SOLID à LIQUID!
C-D	-Molecules are still in liquid form but the temperature is increasing. - When the liquid molecules have heated it will move faster because kinetic energy is increasing.
D	- Exist in liquid state -Molecules have overcome the forces of attraction between particles in liquid. -Some molecules start to move freely -Liquid begins to turn into gas.
D-E	-Exist in liquid and gas -The temperature remains the same -Again, heat energy is absorbed to overcome intermolecular forces between particles of liquid rather then increasing in temperature.
E	-All liquid into gas           LIQUID à GAS!
F	-Gas has now absorbed the energy and the particles begin to move faster and freely! -The temperature rises and heating continues.

TIME FOR SOME TEXTBOOK READING!! YAY!..


Matter in the Macroscopic World:


Most of the time when we look at a painting or a artwork, we wouldn't think about the different strokes or dots this painting has. We just see it as it is... 
But what we don't see are actually patterns and dots and what the color affects are. 
In your Chemistry 11 textbook on page 25, look at figure 2-2. It's a artwork right?
So what do you see? 
Well, what we can see are plates, people eating, their face expressions and all that kind of stuff. But if we look closely to the picture with our magnifying glass or even a microscope, you'll see more then a cup or a chair. 
As scientist, we use these type of skills to OBSERVE and after we OBSERVE we EXPERIMENT.
But as Chemists, we ask ourselves "How is this different to another?" or "What does this have in common with the other one ?" We ask... Can this happen?, How is this different?, What does this have in common with..? etc.


What YOU know about Matter!


We live in a world where everything is made up of matter, like water is a liquid that can be stored in a solid container. 
Speaking of water... water is the most familiar kinda of matter but not all water is the same! Compare fresh water to salt water, muddy water or even rain! They taste, look boil differently! 


Purifying Matter:

Muddy water left in a cup for hours will separate into layers of dirt and clear water. So this water is not pure and could be defined as a mixture (--two kinds of matter that separate and show their identities... also said to be impure.)  How do we purify the water? How can we tell if certain water is clean? Tap water is an example, not all tap water are clean and how we purify that is by adding alum and line to the water and that will resolve into a jellylike substance material. There are mixtures in that formula that do not scatter light. Mixtures like salt/sugar water that look uniform, do not scatter light are called solutions. A process which you boil something until it's dry and crystal produce remains is called distillation. 

Characteristics of Pure Substances:

-Pure substance have a constant boiling point; mixtures do not.
-The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing point.
- The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid is called melting point.


Chemical and Physical Changes:
-Chemical changes produces new substances/matter.

• This change is called decomposition because one kind of matter are separated into two or more kinds of matter.

-Physical changes creates no new substances/matter. ex. melting or cooking anything, it's irreversible!

Compounds and Elements:

-Electrolysis involves passing an electric current causing a substance to decompose to create more kinds of matter.
-It' is not practical to do a experiment in electrolysis (of sodium chloride) at school because the requirement of the temperature to melt the salt is too high and chlorine gas can produce toxin.
-Pure substances that can be decomposed into new kinds of matter are called compounds
-Pure substances that can not be decomposed are called elements

This is a video about mixtures and compounds!! Feel free to watch it :D

Compounds have a Definite Composition:

-An important difference between mixtures and compounds is that...

• Mixtures can have as many compositions has they please but compounds are only allowed to have a certain amount of composition.
• ex. Imagine your younger sibling got to have as many fish sticks s/he wanted and you could only have hlf a fish stick. How unfair is that?

This is called "LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION"

However, there's a twist! 

There are some compounds that have two or more compounds with different proportions of the same elements are known as "LAW OD MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS."